The investigation of performance and emission of a gasoline engine using novel gasoline and bio-alcohols fuel blends

Khoshkname, Donya; Haji Agha Alizade, Hossein; Shadidi, Behdad

doi:10.22059/ees.2023.562873.1408

The investigation of performance and emission of a gasoline engine using novel gasoline and bio-alcohols fuel blends

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

10.22059/ees.2023.562873.1408

Abstract

Due to the increase in pollution caused by fossil fuels in internal combustion engines, the demand for renewable fuels such as bio-alcohols has increased, so in this study, the focus is on increasing the percentage of pentanol with a combination of other alcohols used in this experiment. Because so far, little study has been done on pentanol. This study was carried out on a water-cooled four-cylinder gasoline engine with different percentages of pentanol, propanol, butanol, and ethanol alcohol combined with gasoline. Fuel compounds in different volume percentages were added to gasoline at 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm, and the number of pollutants and engine performance were evaluated at each speed. Due to the presence of excess oxygen in the structure of Pentanol, the engine power increases by 61.5 KW. Engine torque increases due to the high latent heat of Butanol and propanol, in the fuel. BSFC improved by 294 N.M compared to pure gasoline due to the high calorific value of alcohols. The pressure of the gases inside the cylinder during combustion and high temperature leads to the production of NO_X in the combustion chamber. The lower the amount of Butanol and Propanol in the fuel, the less HC is produced, which can be due to improved combustion quality. The highest amount of HC in the fuel blend No. 2 at 1500 rpm is 2476 ppm. Increasing the combustion temperature due to the presence of alcohols can cause changes in CO. The CO emission also depended on the amount of Propanol and Butanol, which produce more CO in combinations with 10% Butanol and Propanol. The highest average CO2 change compared to pure gasoline is related to the fuel blend No. 1 by 17.37%.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Energy efficient systems

References

[1] Shadidi, B., Yusaf, T., Alizadeh, H. H. A., & Ghobadian, B. (2014). Experimental investigation of the tractor engine performance using diesohol fuel. Applied Energy, 114, 874-879.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.06.011.

[2] Chandra, R., Takeuchi, H., & Hasegawa, T. (2012). Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes: A review in context to second generation of biofuel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(3), 1462-1476.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.035.

[3] Demirbas, M. F. (2006). Current technologies for biomass conversion into chemicals and fuels. Energy Sources, Part A: recovery, utilization, and environmental effects, 28(13), 1181-1188.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310500434556.

[4] Abbasi, T., & Abbasi, S. A. (2011). Decarbonization of fossil fuels as a strategy to control global warming. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(4), 1828-1834.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.049.

[5] Shadidi, B., Najafi, G., & Yusaf, T. (2021). A Review of Hydrogen as a Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines. Energies, 14(19), 6209. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196209.

[6] Shadidi, B., Alizade, H. H. A., & Najafi, G. (2021). The Influence of Diesel–Ethanol Fuel Blends on Performance Parameters and Exhaust Emissions: Experimental Investigation and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Diesel Engine. Sustainability, 13(10), 5379.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105379

[7] Van Donkelaar, L. H., Mostert, J., Zisopoulos, F. K., Boom, R. M., & Van Der Goot, A. J. (2016). The use of enzymes for beer brewing: Thermodynamic comparison on resource use. Energy, 115, 519-527.‏

[8] Ozsezen, A. N., & Canakci, M. (2011). Performance and combustion characteristics of alcohol–gasoline blends at wide-open throttle. Energy, 36(5), 2747-2752.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.02.014

[9] Li, G., Eisele, M., Lee, H., Hwang, Y., & Radermacher, R. (2014). Experimental investigation of energy and exergy performance of secondary loop automotive air-conditioning systems using low-GWP (global warming potential) refrigerants. Energy, 68, 819-831.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.01.018.

[10] Chen, Z., Liu, J., Han, Z., Du, B., Liu, Y., & Lee, C. (2013). Study on performance and emissions of a passenger-car diesel engine fueled with butanol–diesel blends. Energy, 55, 638-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.054.

[11] Gong J, Zhang YJ, Tang CL, Huang ZH. Emission characteristics of iso-propanolgasoline blends in a spark-ignition engine combined with EGR. Therm Sci2014; 18:269–77. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI130131086G

[12] Yücesu, H. S., Topgül, T., Cinar, C., & Okur, M. (2006). Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in different compression ratios. Applied thermal engineering, 26(17-18), 2272-2278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.03.006

[13] Luque, R., Herrero-Davila, L., Campelo, J. M., Clark, J. H., Hidalgo, J. M., Luna, D. ... & Romero, A. A. (2008). Biofuels: a technological perspective. Energy & Environmental Science, 1(5), 542-564. http://doi.org/10.1039/b807094F

[14] Szwaja S, Naber JD. Combustion of n-butanol in a spark-ignition IC engine. Fuel2010; 89(7):1573–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.043

[15] Harvey, B. G., & Meylemans, H. A. (2011). The role of butanol in the development of sustainable fuel technologies. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 86(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2540

[16] Deng, B., Fu, J., Zhang, D., Yang, J., Feng, R., Liu, J. ... and Liu, X. (2013). “The heat release analysis of bio-butanol/gasoline blends on a high speed SI (spark ignition) engine”. Energy, 60, 230-241.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.07.055.

[17] Ammar, E. M., Wang, Z., and Yang, S. T. (2013). “Metabolic engineering of Propionibacterium freudenreichii for n-propanol production”. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 97(10), 4677-4690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4861-6.

[18] Li, L., Wang, J., Wang, Z., and Xiao, J. (2015). “Co mbustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/pentanol fuel blends”. Fuel, 156, 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.04.048

[19] Eyidogan, M., Ozsezen, A. N., Canakci, M., & Turkcan, A. (2010). Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine. Fuel, 89(10), 2713-2720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.032

[20] He, B.-Q., Wang, J.-X., Hao, J.-M., Yan, X.-G., & Xiao, J.-H. (2003). A study on emission characteristics of an EFI engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels. Atmospheric Environment, 37(7), 949-957. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00973-1

[21] Kukharonak, H., Ivashko, V., Pukalskas, S., Rimkus, A., & Matijošius, J. (2017). Operation of a Spark-ignition Engine on Mixtures of Petrol and N-butanol. Procedia Engineering, 187, 588-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.418

[22] Solmaz, H., & Kocakulak, T. (2018, December). Buji ile Ateşlemeli Motor Kullanılan Seri Hibrit Elektrikli Bir Aracın Modellenmesi. In Proceedings on International Conference on Technology and Science.‏

[23]Waluyo, B., Setiyo, M., & Wardana, I. N. G. (2021). Fuel performance for stable homogeneous gasoline-methanol-ethanol blends. Fuel, 294, 120565.‏

[24]Balki, M. K., Sayin, C., & Canakci, M. (2014). The effect of different alcohol fuels on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine. Fuel, 115, 901-906.

[25]Mohammed, M. K., Balla, H. H., Al-Dulaimi, Z. M. H., Kareem, Z. S., & Al-Zuhairy, M. S. (2021). Effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine performance and emissions. Case studies in thermal engineering, 25, 100891.‏

[26]Padmanabhan, S., Giridharan, K., Stalin, B., Elango, V., Vairamuthu, J., Sureshkumar, P. ... & Krishnaraj, R. (2022). Sustainability and environmental impact of ethanol and oxyhydrogen addition on nanocoated gasoline engine. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2022.‏

[27]Mishra, P. C., Gupta, A., Kumar, A., & Bose, A. (2020).Methanol and petrol blended alternate fuel for future sustainable engine: A performance and emission analysis. Measurement, 155, 107519.

[28]Elfasakhany, A. (2014). Experimental study on emissions and performance of an internal combustion engine fueled with gasoline and gasoline/n-butanol blends. Energy Conversion and Management, 88, 277-283.

[29]Wu, X., Zhang, S., Guo, X., Yang, Z., Liu, J., He, L. . . . Wu, Y. (2019). Assessment of ethanol blended fuels for gasoline vehicles in China: Fuel economy, regulated gaseous pollutants and particulate matter. Environmental Pollution, 253, 731-740.

[30]Awad, O. I., Mamat, R., Noor, M. M., Ibrahim, T. K., Yusri, I. M., & Yusop, A. F. (2018). The impacts of compression ratio on the performance and emissions of ice powered by oxygenated fuels: A review. Journal of the Energy Institute, 91(1), 19-32.

[31]GU, X., Huang, Z., CAI, J., Gong, J., Wu, X., & Lee, C. F. (2012). Emission characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fuelled with gasoline-n-butanol blends in combination with EGR. Fuel, 93, 611-617.‏

[32]Singh, S. B., Dhar, A., & Agarwal, A. K. (2015). Technical feasibility study of butanol–gasoline blends for powering medium-duty transportation spark ignition engine. Renewable Energy, 76, 706-716.‏

[33]Yusri, I. M., Mamat, R., Azmi, W. H., Najafi, G., Sidik, N. A. C., & Awad, O. I. (2016). Experimental investigation of combustion, emissions and thermal balance of secondary butyl alcohol-gasoline blends in a spark ignition engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 123, 1-14.‏

[34] Campos-Fernandez, J., Arnal, J. M., Gomez, J., Lacalle, N., & Dorado, M. P. (2013). Performance tests of a diesel engine fueled with pentanol/diesel fuel blends. Fuel, 107, 866-872.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.066

[35] Gravalos, I., Moshou, D., Gialamas, T., Xyradakis, P., Kateris, D., & Tsiropoulos, Z. (2013). Emissions characteristics of spark ignition engine operating on lower–higher molecular mass alcohol blended gasoline fuels. Renewable Energy, 50, 27-32.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.06.033

[36] İpci, D., Yılmaz, E., Aksoy, F., Uyumaz, A., Polat, S., & Solmaz, H. (2015). The Effects of iso-propanol and n-heptane Fuel Blends on HCCI Combustion Characteristics and Engine Performance.‏

[37] Baker, C. J. (2014). Why diesels make so much torque. Banks Power.‏

[38] Yilmaz, N., & Atmanli, A. (2017). Experimental assessment of a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-1-pentanol blends. Fuel, 191, 190-197.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.065

[39] Veloo, P. S., & Egolfopoulos, F. N. (2011). Studies of n-propanol, iso-propanol, and propane flames. Combustion and Flame, 158(3), 501-510.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.10.001

[40] Li, Y., Nithyanandan, K., Lee, T. H., Donahue, R. M., Lin, Y., Lee, C. F., & Liao, S. (2016). Effect of water-containing acetone–butanol–ethanol gasoline blends on combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of a spark-ignition engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 117, 21-30.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.063

[41] Schifter, I. D. L. G. J. P. G., Diaz, L., Gómez, J. P., & Gonzalez, U. (2013). Combustion characterization in a single cylinder engine with mid-level hydrated ethanol–gasoline blended fuels. Fuel, 103, 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.06.002

[42] Ashok, B., Jeevanantham, A. K., Nanthagopal, K., Saravanan, B., Kumar, M. S., Johny, A. ... & Abubakar, S. (2019). An experimental analysis on the effect of n-pentanol-Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel binary blends in CI engine characteristcis. Energy, 173, 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.092

[43] Uslu, S., Yaman, H., & Yesilyurt, M. K. (2021). Optimization of parameters affecting the performance and emissions of a spark ignition engine fueled with n-pentanol/gasoline blends using taguchi method. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 46(12), 11711-11724. ‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-05675-8

[44] Mourad, M., & Mahmoud, K. R. (2018). Performance investigation of passenger vehicle fueled by propanol/gasoline blend according to a city driving cycle. Energy, 149, 741-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.099

[45] Yücesu, H. S., Topgül, T., Cinar, C., & Okur, M. (2006). Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in different compression ratios. Applied thermal engineering, 26(17-18), 2272-2278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.03.006

[46] Balki MK, Sayin C, Canakci M. The effect of different alcohol fuels on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine. Fuel 2014; 115:901–6.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.020

[47] Rakopoulos, C. D., Antonopoulos, K. A., Rakopoulos, D. C., Hountalas, D. T., & Giakoumis, E. G. (2006). Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection diesel engine using blends of diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins. Energy conversion and management, 47(18-19), 3272-3287.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.01.006

[48] Nagaraja, S. S., Ravi, V., Teja, R., Nayak, V., & GN, K. (2014). Performance and Emission Characteristics of a MPI Engine Fueled with Iso-Butanol/Gasoline Blends (No. 2014-01-1390). SAE Technical Paper.‏

[49] Dernotte, J., Mounaïm-Rousselle, C., Halter, F., & Seers, P. (2010). Evaluation of butanol–gasoline blends in a port fuel-injection, spark-ignition engine. Oil & Gas Science and Technology–Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole, 65(2), 345-351. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2009034

[50] Jeuland, N., Montagne, X., & Gautrot, X. (2004). Potentiality of ethanol as a fuel for dedicated engine. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, 59(6), 559-570.‏ https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2004040

[51] Keskin, A., & Gürü, M. (2011). The effects of ethanol and propanol additions into unleaded gasoline on exhaust and noise emissions of a spark ignition engine. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 33(23), 2194-2205.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030903530558

[52] Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T., Buttsworth, D. R., Yusaf, T. F., & Faizollahnejad, M. J. A. E. (2009). Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network. Applied energy, 86(5), 630-639.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.09.017

[53] Nakata, K., Utsumi, S., Ota, A., Kawatake, K., Kawai, T., & Tsunooka, T. (2006). The effect of ethanol fuel on a spark ignition engine (No. 2006-01-3380). SAE Technical Paper.‏

[54] Can, Ö. Celikten, I., & Usta, N. (2004). Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine running at different injection pressures. Energy conversion and Management, 45(15-16), 2429-2440.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2003.11.024

[55] Wu, X., Zhang, S., Guo, X., Yang, Z., Liu, J., He, L., . . . Wu, Y. (2019). Assessment of ethanol blended fuels for gasoline vehicles in China: Fuel economy, regulated gaseous pollutants and particulate matter. Environmental Pollution, 253, 731-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.045

[56] McAllister, S., Chen, J. Y., & Fernandez-Pello, A. C. (2011). Fundamentals of combustion processes (Vol. 302). New York: Springer.‏ a .of ethanol fuel on a spark ignition engine (No. 2006-01-3380). SAE Technical Paper.‏