ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimum design of a double-sided permanent magnet linear synchronous motor to minimize the detent force
In the permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM), force ripple is harmful, useless and disturbing. The force ripple is basically composed of two components: detent force and mutual force ripple. This force is influenced by the geometric parameters of the permanent magnet (PM) motors; such as width, thickness and length of the magnet poles, length and thickness of the rotor and stator, and stator slot shape. For design optimization, the force ripple can be considered as the objective function and geometric parameters can be considered as design variables. In this paper, the distribution of magnetic flux density in the air gap is calculated using an analytical method, then detent force is computed by integrating the Maxwell stress tensor; that is expressed in terms of flux density distribution on the slot face and end face of the iron core of moving parts. The analytical result is compared with FEM simulation to verify the model. The geometric parameter effect on the detent force is investigated. Finally, using genetic algorithm, the optimum design of a linear synchronous motor with minimum detent force is obtained.
https://www.energyequipsys.com/article_24709_edfd0a40fe26268547526d256398fa36.pdf
2017-03-01
1
11
10.22059/ees.2017.24709
Linear Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor
Detent Force
FEM
Analytical Methods
genetic algorithm
Mehrdad
Makki
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Siroos
Hemmati
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Kwon Y.S., Kim W.j., Detent-Force Minimization of Double-Sided Interior Permanent-Magnet Flat Linear Brushless Motor, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2016) 52: 8201609-8201609.
1
[2] Gieras J. F., Piech Z. J., Tomczuk B. Z., Topologies and Selection in Linear Synchronous Motors, 2nd edition (2012) 1–22.
2
[3] Ma M., Zhang J., Yu J., Zhang H., Jin Y., Analytical Methods for Minimizing Detent Force in Long-Stator PM Linear Motor Including Longitudinal End Effects, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics(2015) 51: 8204104- 8204104.
3
[4] Wei Qian, T. A. Nondhal, Mutual torque ripple suppression of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor, International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (2005) 1: 315 – 320.
4
[5] Youn S. W., Lee J. J., Yoon H. S., Koh C. S., A New Cogging-Free Permanent-Magnet Linear Motor, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2008) 44.: 1785–1790.
5
[6] Jung I.S., Hur J., Hyun D. S., Performance Analysis of Skewed PM Linear Synchronous Motor According to Various Design Parameters, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2001) 37:373653–3657.
6
[7] Zhu Y. W., Koo D. H., Cho Y. H., Detent Force Minimization of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor by Means of Two Different Methods, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2008) 44: 4345–4348.
7
[8] Hwang C. C., Li P. L., Liu C. T., Optimal Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Low Cogging Force, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2012) 48:1039–1042.
8
[9] Tavana T.N.R., Shoulaie A., Pole-Shape Optimization of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor for Reduction of Thrust Ripple, Energy Conversion and Managemen (2011) 52:349–354.
9
[10] Bianchi N., Bolognani S., Cappello A. D. F., Reduction of Cogging Force in PM Linear Motors by Pole-Shifting, Proceedings - Electric Power (2005) 152: 703–709.
10
[11] Lim K. C., Woo J. K., Kang G. H., Hong J. P., Kim G.-T., Detent Force Minimization Techniques in Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motors, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2002) 38:1157–1160.
11
[12] Inoue M., Sato K., An Approach to a Suitable Stator Length for Minimizing the Detent Force of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motors, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2000) 36: 1890–1893.
12
[13] Inoue M., Sato K., An Approach to a Suitable Stator Length for Minimizing the Detent Force of Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motors, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2000) 36:1890–1893.
13
[14] Mikail R., Iqbal H., Sozer Y., Islam M., Sebastian T., Torque Ripple Minimization of Switched Reluctance Machines through Current Profiling, IEEE Transactions Applications (2013) 49: 1258 – 1267
14
[15] Zare M.R., Marzband M., Calculation of Cogging Force in Permanent Magnet Linear Motor Using Analytical and Finite Element Methods, Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering (2010) 4:42-47.
15
[16] Zhu L., Jiang S. Z., Zhu Z. Q., Chan C. C., Analytical Methods for Minimizing Cogging Torque in Permanent-Magnet Machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics (2009) 45: 2023–2031.
16
[17] Li A. L., Ma B. M., Chen C. Q., Detent Force Analysis in Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Considering Longitudinal End Effects, in Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines System, Sapporo, Japan (2012) 1–5.
17
[18] Binns K. J., Lawrenson J., Analysis and Computation of Electric and Magnetic Field Problems, Pergamon Press (1973) 95.
18
[19]Jacek F. Gieras, Mitchell W., Permanent Magnet Motor Technology - Design and Applications, Marcel Dekker Incorporated (1973) 88.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
On the development of a sliding mode observer-based fault diagnosis scheme for a wind turbine benchmark model
This paper addresses the design of an observer-based fault diagnosis scheme, which is applied to some of the sensors and actuators of a wind turbine benchmark model. The methodology is based on a modified sliding mode observer (SMO) that allows accurate reconstruction of multiple sensor or actuator faults occurring simultaneously. The faults are reconstructed using the equivalent output error injection signal. A well-known validated wind turbine benchmark model, developed by Aalborg University and KK-electronic a/c, is utilized to evaluate the FDD scheme. Different sensors and actuator fault scenarios are simulated in the drive train, generator, and pitch & blade subsystems of the benchmark model, and attempts have been made to estimate these faults via the proposed modified SMO. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed diagnosis scheme, and the faults are well detected, isolated, and reconstructed in the presence of the measurement noise.
https://www.energyequipsys.com/article_24710_b425abe714de6009b25b0193ebd0ffef.pdf
2017-03-01
13
26
10.22059/ees.2017.24710
Wind Turbine
fault detection
Sliding Mode Observer
Mostafa
Rahnavard
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Hairi Yazdi
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Moosa
Ayati
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
[1]World Wind Energy Report (2016).
1
[2]Wu B., Lang Y., Zargari N., Kouro S., Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems. Wiley-IEEE Press (2011).
2
[3]Odgaard P. F., Stoustrup J., Kinnaert M., Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Turbines –A Benchmark Model, In 7th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety of Technical Processes (2009) 155–160.
3
[4]Esbensen T.,Sloth C., Fault Diagnosisand Fault-Tolerant Control of Wind Turbines, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark (2009).
4
[5]Badihi H., Zhang Y., Hong H., A Review on Application of Monitoring, Diagnosis and Fault- Tolerant Control to Wind Turbines, In 2013 Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems (2013) 365–370.
5
[6]Hameed Z., Hong Y. S., Cho Y. M., Ahn S. H., Song C. K., Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection of Wind Turbines and Related Algorithms, A Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2009) 13:1–39,.
6
[7]Lu B., Li Y., Wu X., Yang Z., A Review of Recent Advances in Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis, In IEEE Conference on Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications (2009) 1–7.
7
[8]Odgaard P. F., Stoustrup J., Kinnaert M., Fault-Tolerant Control of Wind Turbines, A Benchmark Model, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology (2013) 21(4): 1168–1182.
8
[9]Chen W., Ding S. X., Haghani A., Naik A., Khan A. Q., Yin S., Observer-Based FDI Schemes for Wind Turbine Benchmark, In 18th IFAC World Congress (2011) 7073–7078.
9
[10]Kiasi F., Prakash J., Shah S. L., Lee J. M., Fault Detection and Isolation of a Benchmark Wind Turbine Using the Likelihood Ratio Test, In 18th IFAC World Congress (2011) 7079–7085.
10
[11]Laouti N., Othman S., Alamir M., Sheibat-Othman N., Combination of Model-based Observer and Support Vector Machines for Fault Detection of Wind Turbines, International Journal of Automation and Computing(2014) 11(3):274–287.
11
[12]Pisu P., Ayalew B., Robust Fault Diagnosis for a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine,” in 18th IFAC World Congress, Italy (2011) 2(1): 7055–7060.
12
[13]Tabatabaeipour S. M., Odgaard P. F., Bak T., J. Stoustrup, Fault Detection of Wind Turbines with Uncertain Parameters, A Set- Membership Approach, Energies (2012) 5: 2424–2448.
13
[14]Hernández J., Guadayol M., España A. R., Wind Speed Estimation in Wind Turbines Using EKF , Application to Experimental Data, In 2014 UKACC International Conference on Control (2014) 474–479.
14
[15]Jena D., Rajendran S., A Review of Estimation of Effective Wind Speed Based Control of Wind Turbines, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (2015) 43: 1046–1062.
15
[16]Odgaard P. F., Stoustrup J., Nielsen R., Damgaard C., Observer Based Detection of Sensor Faults In Wind Turbines, In Proceedings of European Wind Energy Conference (2009) 1–10.
16
[17]Odgaard P. F., Stoustrup J., Unknown Input Observer Based Detection of Sensor Faults in a Wind Turbine, In Proceedings of the IEEE Multiconference on Systems and Control (2010) 310–315.
17
[18]Simani S., Farsoni S., Castaldi P., Robust Actuator Fault Diagnosis of a Wind Turbine Benchmark Model, In 52nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, (2013) 4422–4427.
18
[19] Simani S., Castaldi P., Active Actuator Fault-Tolerant Control of a Wind Turbine Benchmark Model, International Journal ROBUST NONLINEAR Control (2014) 24:1283–1303.
19
[20]Edwards C., Spurgeon S. K., On the Development of Discontinuous Observers, International Journal of Control (1994) 59(5): 1211–1229.
20
[21] Edwards C., Spurgeon S. K., Patton R. J., Sliding Mode Observers for Fault Detection and Isolation, Automatica (2000) 36: 541–553.
21
[22]Tan C. P., Edwards C., Sliding Mode Observers for Detection and Reconstruction of Sensor Faults, Automatica (2002) 38(10): 1815–1821.
22
[23] Tan C. P., Edwards C., Sliding Mode Observers for Robust Detection and Reconstruction of Actuator and Sensor Faults, International Journal of Robust Nonlinear Control (2003) 13(5): 443–463.
23
[24]Im J. S., Ozaki F., Yeu T. k., Kawaji S., Model-Based Fault Detection and Isolation in Steer- by- Wire Vehicle Using Sliding Mode Observer, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology (2009) 23(8):1991–1999.
24
[25]Zhang J., Bennounat O., Swaint A. K., Nguangt S. K., Detection and Isolation of Sensor Faults of Wind Turbines using Sliding Mode Observers, in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) (2013)(1).
25
[26] Odgaard P. F., Johnson K. E., Wind Turbine Fault Detection and Fault Tolerant Control - An Enhanced Benchmark Challenge,” in 2013 American Control Conference (2013) 4447–4452.
26
[27] Jonkman J., Buhl M. L., FAST User’s Guide, NREL/EL-500-38230, Golden, CO (2005).
27
[28] Halim A., Edwards C., Tan C. P., Fault Detection and Fault-Tolerant Control Using Sliding Modes, Springer-Verlag London (2011).
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Accurate power sharing for parallel DGs in microgrid with various-type loads
Microgrids are nowadays used to produce electric energy with more efficiency and advantage. However, the use of microgrids presents some challenges. One of the main problems of the microgrids widely used in electrical power systems is the control of voltage, frequency and load sharing balance among inverter- based distributed generators (DGs) in islanded mode. Droop method performance degrades when the feeder impedances of two DGs are different and thereby, further modification is required. In this article, a new method based on virtual impedance and compensating voltage is proposed and simulation results show that this method combined with droop control results in balanced power sharing with negligible voltage and frequency drop. Simulation results have been extracted from the Simulink, MATLAB and showed that the proposed method has a good performance in equal load sharing between two DGs with different feeder impedances; both in equal and different droop gains, and with different loads such as nonlinear or unbalanced ones.
https://www.energyequipsys.com/article_24717_04d3762d68453dad254e1a0f8a01921c.pdf
2017-03-01
27
41
10.22059/ees.2017.24717
Microgrid
Compensating Voltage
Power Sharing
Inverter
Virtual Impedance
Nonlinear-Unbalanced Load
Abbas
Ketabi
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
AUTHOR
Sahbasadat
Rajamand
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Shahidehpour
ms@iit.edu
3
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA
AUTHOR
[1] Majumder R., Modeling Stability Analysis and Control of Microgrid, Ph. D. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology (2010).
1
[2] Vilathgamuwa D. M., Loh P. C., Li Y., Protection of Microgrids During Utility Voltage Sags, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2006) 53: 1427-1436.
2
[3] Marwali M. N., Dai M., Keyhani A., Robust Stability Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for Distributed Generation Systems, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion (2006) 21(2): 516-526.
3
[4] Marwali M. N., Dai M., Keyhani A., Stability Analysis of Load Sharing Control for Distributed Generation Systems, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion (2007) 22(3):737-745.
4
[5] Chandorkar M., Divan D., Decentralized Operation of Distributed ups Systems International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth (1995) 1: 565–571.
5
[6] Guerrero J., Berbel N., Vicuna L. de, Matas J., Miret J., Castilla M., Droop Control Method for the Parallel Operation of Online Uninterruptible Power Systems using Resistive Output Impedance, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)(2005)1716–1722.
6
[7] Guerrero J., Vicuna L. de, Matas J., Castilla M., Miret J., Output Impedance Design of Parallel-Connected ups Inverters with Wireless Load-Sharing control, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2005)52(4): 1126–1135.
7
[8] Katiraei F., Iravani M. R., Power Management Strategies for a Microgrid with Multiple Distributed Generation Units, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (2006)21: 1821-1831.
8
[9] Azim M. I., Hossain M. A., Hossain M. J., Pota H. R., Effective Power Sharing Approach for Islanded Microgrids, Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT ASIA), IEEE Innovative, Bangkok(2015)1-4.
9
[10]Reza M., Sudarmadi D., Viawan F. A., Kling W. L., Van Der Suis L., Dynamic Stability of Power Systems with Power Electronic Interfaced DG, In Power Systems Conference and Exposition, PSCE06, IEEE PES (2006) 1423-1428.
10
[11]Zhong Q. C., Robust Droop Controller for Accurate Proportional Load Sharing Among Inverters Operated in Parallel, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2013) 60(4):1281-1290.
11
[12]Guerrero J., Vicuna L. de, Castilla J. M., Miret J., A Wireless Controller to Enhance Dynamic Performance of Parallel Inverter in Distributed Generation Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2004) 19:1205-1213,.
12
[13] Paquette A. D., Divan D. M., Virtual Impedance Current Limiting for Inverters in Microgrids with Synchronous Generators, IEEE Transactions,Industry Applications (2015) 51(2):1630-1638.
13
[14]Kim J., Guerrero J. M., Rodriguez P., Teodorescu R., Nam K., Mode Adaptive Droop Control with Virtual Output Impedances for an Inverter-Based Flexible AC Microgrid, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2011) 26(3): 689–701.
14
[15] Katiraei F., Iravani R., Hatziargyriou N., Dimeas A., Microgrids Management, IEEE Transactions on Power (2008) 6:54–65.
15
[16] Diaz G., Gonzalez-Moran C., Gomez-Aleixandre J., Diez A., Scheduling of Droop Coefficients for Frequency and Voltage Regulation in Isolated Microgrids, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (2010)25:489–496.
16
[17] Lee C. T., Chu C.-C., Cheng P.-T., A New Droop Control Method for the Autonomous Operation of Distributed Energy Resources Interface Converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2013) 28(4):1980–1993.
17
[18]Sao C. K., Lehn W., Autonomous Load Sharing of Voltage Source Converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Del (2005)20:1009–1016.
18
[19]Sao C. K., Lehn W., Control and Power Management of Converter Fed Microgrids, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (2008) 23: 1088–1098.
19
[20]Marwali M. N., Jung J. W., Keyhani A., Control of Distributed Generation Systems–Part II: Load Sharing Control, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2004) 19: 1551–1561.
20
[21] Lee T. L., Cheng P. T., Design of a New Cooperative Harmonic Filtering Strategy for Distributed Generation Interface Converters in an Islanding Network, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2007) 22: 1919–1927.
21
[22] Vasquez J. C., Guerrero J. M., Luna A., Rodriguez P., R. Teodorescu, Adaptive Droop Control Applied to Voltage-Source Inverters Operating in Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, (2009) 56: 4088–4096.
22
[23] He J., Li Y. W., Guerrero J. M., An Islanding Microgrid Power Sharing Approach Using Enhanced Virtual Impedance Control Scheme, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, (2013) 28(11):5272-5282.
23
[24] Li Y., Li Y. W., Power Management of Inverter Interfaced Autonomous Microgrid Based on Virtual Frequency-Voltage Frame, IEEE Transactions Smart Grid (2011) 2: 30–40.
24
[25]Wu T., Liu Z., Liu J., Wang S., You Z., A Unified Virtual Power Decoupling Method for Droop-Controlled Parallel Inverters in Microgrids, In IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2016) 31(8): 5587-5603.
25
[26]Yao W., Chen M., Matas J., Guerrero J. M., Qian Z., Design and Analysis of the Droop Control Method for Parallel Inverters Considering the Impact of the Complex Impedance on the Power Sharing, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2011) 58: 576–588.
26
[27]Yazdani D., Bakhshai A., Joos G., Mojiri M., A Nonlinear Adaptive Synchronization Technique for Grid-Connected Distributed Energy Sources, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2008) 23: 2181–2186.
27
[28]McGrath B. P., Holmes D. G., Galloway J. J. H., Power Converter Line Synchronization using a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Based on a Variable Sample Rate, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics(2005) 20: 877–884.
28
[29]Lee S. J., Kim H., Sul S. K., Blaabjerg F., A Novel Control Algorithm for Static Series Compensators by use of PQR Instantaneous Power Theory, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2004) 19: 814–827.
29
[30]Yazdani A., Iravani R., A Unified Dynamic Model and Control for the Voltage Source Converter under Unbalancedd Grid Conditions, IEEE Transactions on Power Del (2006) 21: 1620–1629.
30
[31] Savaghebi M., Jalilian A., Vasquez J. C., Guerrero J. M., Secondary Control Scheme for Voltage Unbalanced Compensation in an Islanded droop-Controlled Microgrid, IEEE Transactions Smart Grid (2012) 3(2): 797-807.
31
[32]Vanthournout K., Brabandere K. D., Haesen E., Driesen J., Deconinck G., R. Belmans, Agora, Distributed Tertiary Control of Distributed Resources, In Proceedings 15th Power Systems Computation Conference (2005) 1–7.
32
[33] Setiabudy R., Bs H., Budiyanto, Development Energy Management Strategy to Optimize Battery Operation in Islanding Microgrid using Zero One integer programming," Quality in Research (QiR), 2015 International Conference on, Lombok (2015) 125-128.
33
[34]Guerrero J. M., Vasquez J. C., Matas J., Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled AC and DC Microgrids—A General Approach Toward Standardization, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, (2011) 58(1):158-172.
34
[35]Guerrero J. M., Loh P., Chandorkar M., Advanced Control Architectures for Intelligent MicroGrids−Part I, Decentralized and Hierarchical Control, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (2013) 60(4):1254-1262.
35
[36]Zhang Y., Xie L., Ding Q., Interactive Control of Coupled Microgrids for Guaranteed System-Wide Small Signal Stability," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (2016) 7(2):1088-1096.
36
[37]Khodayar M., Shahidehpour M., Cutting Campus Energy Costs with Hierarchical Control: The Economical and Reliable Operation of a Microgrid,” IEEE Electrification Magazine (2013) 1(1):40-56.
37
[38]Che L., Shahidehpour M., DC Microgrids, Economic Operation and Enhancement of Resilience by Hierarchical Control, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (2014) 5(5): 2517-2526.
38
[39] Nasirian V., Shafiee Q., Guerrero J. M., Lewis F. L., Davoudi A., Droop-Free Distributed Control for AC Microgrids," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2016) 31(2):1600-1617.
39
[40]Falahati S., Taher S., M Shahidehpour, Smart Deregulated Grid Frequency Control in Presence of Renewable Energy Resources by EVs Charging Control, IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid (2016).
40
[41]Chandorkar M. C., Divan D. M., Adapa R., Control of Parallel Connected Inverters in Standalone ac Supply Systems, IEEE Transactions Industry Applications (1993) 29(1).
41
[42]Rocabert J., Luna A., Blaabjerg F., Rodriguez P., Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2012) 27:4734-4749,.
42
[43] Brabandere K. De, Voltage and Frequency Droop Control in Low Voltage Grids by Distributed Generators with Inverter Front-End, Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen, K.U. Leuven, Belgium (2006).
43
[44]Mahmood H., Michaelson D., Jiang J., Accurate Reactive Power Sharing in an Islanded Microgrid Using Adaptive Virtual Impedances, IEEE Transactions Power Electronics (2015) 30 (3):1605-1617.
44
[45]Li Y. W., Kao C. N., An Accurate Power Control Strategy for Power Electronics-Interfaced Distributed Generation Units Operating in a Low Voltage Multibus Microgrid, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2009)24 (12): 2977–2988.
45
[46]He J., Li Y. W., An Enhanced Microgrid Load Demand Sharing Strategy, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (2012) 27(9):3984–3995.
46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Novel design and simulation of predictive power controller for a doubly-fed induction generator using rotor current in a micro-hydropower plant
Hydropower plant and especially micro-hydropower plant is an available, reliable and economical energy source. Micro-hydropower plant is one of the most environment-friendly technology, use and development of which leads to reduction of energy consumption sporadically and worldwide. Along with the growth of these power plants, the issues related to the control of electrical parameters such as load, frequency, voltage and power are also constantly rising. This paper describes the proposed structure of variable speed micro-hydropower plant based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator. The aim is to control the active and reactive powers for this generator. Here, the proposed controller applied to the generator is predictive power controller that adheres to the principle of predictive strategy. Therefore, in this research, a predictive power controller has been proposed to control active and reactive powers of a DFIG based micro-hydropower plant. The control law is acquired by optimizing a cost function considering the tracking factors. The prediction has been performed on basis of a DFIG model. Finally, the stimulations are carried out by Matlab/Simulink to verify the desired performance of controller.
https://www.energyequipsys.com/article_24718_9e2ed8bded93b56030a5f81cd0ce13ad.pdf
2017-03-01
43
58
10.22059/ees.2017.24718
Rotor Current
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM)
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Predictive Power Controller
Micro-Hydropower Plant
Hamed
Javaheri Fard
1
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
Najafi
2
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hossein
Eliasi
3
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
[1]Garcia F. J., Uemori M. K. I., Echeverria J. J. R., Da Costa Bortoni E., Design Requirements of Generators Applied to Low-Head Hydro Power Plants, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, (2015) 30(4): 1630 – 1638.
1
[2] Mohibullah M., Radzi A. M., Hakim M. I. A.,Basic Design Aspects of Micro Hydro Power Plant and Its Potential Development in Malaysia, Power and Energy Conference, IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy Proceedings(2004)220 – 223.
2
[3] Hanmandlu M., Goyal H., Kothari D. P., An Advanced Control Scheme for Micro Hydro Power Plants, Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, PEDES '06. International Conference on, IEEE (2006)1-7.
3
[4] Laghari J.A., Mokhlis H., Bakar A.H.A., Hasmaini M., A Comprehensive Overview of New Designs in the Hydraulic, Electrical Equipment and Controllers Of Mini Hydro Power Plants Making It Cost Effective Technology, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier (2013) 279 – 293.
4
[5] Monteiro C., Ramirez-Rosado I. J., Fernandez-Jimenez L. A.,Short-Term Forecasting Model for Electric Power Production of Small-Hydro Power Plants, Renewable Energy, Elsevier (2013) 50:387 – 394.
5
[6] Kishor N., Saini R.P., Singh S.P., A Review on Hydropower Plant Models and Control, International Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical and Computer Technology, Elsevier, IEEE (2004)776 – 796.
6
[7] Salhi I., Doubabi S., Essounbouli N., Hamzaoui A., Application of Multi-Model Control With Fuzzy Switching to a Micro Hydro-Electrical Power Plant, Renewable Energy, Elsevier (2010) 35: 2071 – 2079.
7
[8] Wang G., Zhai Q., Yang J.,Voltage Control of Cage Induction Generator in Micro Hydro Based on Variable Excitation, Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), International Conference on, IEEE (2011) 13(4): 1-3.
8
[9] Ion C.P., Marinescu C.,Autonomous Micro Hydro Power Plant with Induction Generator, Renewable Energy, Elsevier (2011) 36: 2259 – 2267.
9
[10] Breban S., Radulescu M. M., Robyns B., Direct Active and Reactive Power Control of Variable-Speed Doubly-Fed Induction Generator on Micro-Hydro Energy Conversion System, Xix International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM, Rome, IEEE (2010)1-6.
10
[11] Löhdefink P., Grillenberger M., Dietz A., Gröger A., Hoffmann A., Hubert T., Sensorless Vector Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Micro Hydro Power, Education and Research Conference (EDERC), IEEE, 5th European DSP (2012) 252 - 256.
11
[12] Camacho E., Bordons A.C., Model Predictive Control, Springer, Book (2004).
12
[13] Molina M.G., Pacas M., Improved Power Conditioning System of Micro-Hydro Power Plant For Distributed Generation Applications, Industrial Technology (ICIT), IEEE International Conference on (2010)1733 - 1738.
13
[14] Jahns T.M., Variable Frequency Permanent Magnet AC Machine Drives, Wiley, Book (2013).
14
[15] M.A.C, Martinez-Botas R.F., Lamperth M., Measurement of Magnet Losses in a Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine, Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions (2015) 30: 323-330.
15
[16] Wu B., Lang Y., Zargari N., Kouro S., Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based Wecs, Wiley, Book (2011).
16
[17] Variani M.H., Tomsovic K., Two-Level Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Using Flatness-Based Approach, IEEE Transactions, Power Systems (2015)1-8.
17
[18] Breban S., Nasser M., Ansel A., Saudemont C., Robyns B., Radulescu M., Variable Speed Small Hydro Power Plant Connected to Ac Grid or Isolated Loads, EPE Journal (2007)17: 29 - 36.
18
[19] Ansel A., Biet M., Robyns B., Micro Hydropower Station Based on a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Excited by a Pm Synchronous Machine, ICEM (2004).
19
[20] Petites Centrales Hydrauliques- Turbines Hydrauliques, Report of the Renewable Energies Action Program in Switzerland, PACER (1995).
20
[21] Miryousefi Aval S. M., Ahadi A.,Wind Turbine Fault Diagnosis Techniques and Related Algorithms, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research-IJRER (2016)6: 80-89.
21
[22] Leonhard W.,Control of Electrical Drives. Berlin, Germany, Springer (1985).
22
[23] Filho A. J. S., Ruppert E., A Deadbeat Active and Reactive Power Control for Doubly – Fed Induction Generator,Electric Power Components and Systems (2010) 38: 592 – 602.
23
[24] Filho A. J. S., Filho E. R., The Complex Controller for Three-Phase Induction Motor Direct Torque Control, Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica (2009) 20:256-262.
24
[25] An A., Hao X., Zhao C., Su H., A Pragmatic Approach for Selecting Weight Matrix Coefficients in Model Predictive Control Algorithm and Its Application, In proceedings IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics (2009) 486-492.
25
[26] Javaheri Fard H., Najafi H.R., Eliasi H., Active and Reactive Power Control Via Currents of Rotor’s d and q Components with Nonlinear Predictive Control Strategy in Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based on Wind Power System, Energy Equipment and Systems (2015)3:143-157.
26
[27] Javaheri Fard H., Najafi H.R., Heidari G., Design of Discrete Predictive Direct Power Control Strategy on the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based on Micro-Hydro Power Plant With the Aim of Active and Reactive Powers Control, 21st Conference on Electrical Power Distribution Networks Conference (Epdc) IEEE (2016) 118-124.
27
[28] Javaheri Fard H., Najafi H.R., Eliasi H., Design and Implementation of the Predictive Current Control Strategy in the Form of Laboratory on Single Phase Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter Based on Microcontroller Tms320lf2407a, 30 th International Power System Conference (PSC) (2015) 1-7.
28
[29] Eliasi H., Menhaj M.B., Davilu H., Robust Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for a PWR Nuclear Power Plant, Progress in Nuclear Energy, Elsevier, (2012) 54: 177-185.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of a novel hybrid nano-catalyst in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on the energy balance of a diesel engine
In internal combustion engines, only about a third of the total fuel input energy is converted into useful work. If the energy rejected into the cooling system and the exhaust gases could be recovered instead and put into useful work, fuel economy would have been substantially improved. The main aim of this research paper was to evaluate the effects of the hybrid nano-catalyst containing cerium oxide and molybdenum oxide in amide-functionalized multiwall carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs) on the thermal balance of a diesel engine using two types of diesel-biodiesel blends (B5 and B10) in three concentrations (30, 60, and 90 ppm). The research engine was a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection, and air-cooled diesel engine. The engine was run at two speeds (1,700 rpm and 2,500 rpm) in full load conditions. The thermal efficiency (useful work) resulting from the energy transferred into the cooling system, the exhaust gases, and the unaccounted losses, including the lubricating oil heat loss and the convection and radiation heat transfer, were computed using the first law of thermodynamics. The results showed that by increasing the amount of nano-catalysts (cerium oxide and molybdenum oxide) in fuel blends, the energy transferred to the cooling system and exhaust gases were decreased. The highest reduction in the energy transferred to the cooling system and the exhaust gases was 5.38% and 2.26% for B5, containing 90 ppm (B590ppm), and 5.61% and 2.62% for B10, containing 90 ppm (B1090ppm) respectively. Also, the thermal efficiency went up. Compared with the nano-catalyst-free fuel blends, the highest increase in thermal balance was observed as 6.75% and 5.41% for B590ppm and B1090ppm respectively.
https://www.energyequipsys.com/article_24720_07422559ba12430b88d86be5c86d4612.pdf
2017-03-01
59
69
10.22059/ees.2017.24720
Energy Balance
Nano-Cerium Oxide
Nano-Molybdenum Oxide
Diesel engine
Biodiesel
Behdad
Shadidi
b.shadidi92@basu.ac.ir
1
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Hossein
Haji Agha Alizade
behdad632002@yahoo.com
2
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Barat
Ghobadian
bghobadian@gmail.com
3
Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modaress University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1] Abedin M.J., Masjuki H.H., Kalam M.A., Sanjid A., Ashrafur Rahman S.M., Rizwanul Fattah I.M., Performance, Emissions, and Heat Losses of Palm and Jatropha Biodiesel Blends in a Diesel Engine, Industrial Crops and Products (2014) 59: 96–104.
1
[2] Abedin M.J., Masjuki H.H., Kalam M.A., Sanjid A., AshrafurRahman S.M., Masum B.M., Energy Balance of Internal Combustion Engines Using Alternative Fuels, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2013) 26: 20–33.
2
[3] Ajav E., Singh B., Bhattacharya T., Thermal Balance of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Operating on Alternative Fuels, Energy Conversion and Management (2000) 41: 1533–41.
3
[4] Akia M., Yazdani F., Motaee E., Han D., Arandiyan H., A Review on Conversion of Biomass to Biofuel by Nanocatalysts, Biofuel Research Journal (2014) 1: 16-25.
4
[5] Arul Mozhi Selvan V., Anand R.B., Udayakumar M., Effect of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes as Fuel-Borne Additives in Diesterol Blends on the Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Variable Compression Ratio Engine, Fuel (2014) 130: 160–167.
5
[6] Aydin H., Bayindir H., Performance and Emission Analysis of Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester in a Diesel Engine, Renewable Energy (2010) 35: 588–92.
6
[7] Banapurmath N. R., Radhakrishnan S., Tumbal A.V., Narasimhalu T. N., Hunashyal A. M., Ayachit N. H., Experimental Investigation on Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled with Graphene, Silver and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes-Biodiesel Blended Fuels, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies (2014) 3: 129-138.
7
[8] Canakci M., Hosoz M., Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Various Biodiesels, Energy Sources (2006) 1: 379–394.
8
[9] Durgun O., Sahin Z., Theoretical Investigation of Heat Balance in Direct Injection (DI) Diesel Engines for Neat Diesel Fuel and Gasoline Fumigation, Energy Conversion and Management (2009) 50: 43–51.
9
[10] Buyukkaya E., Effects of Biodiesel on a DI Diesel Engine Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics, Fuel (2010) 89: 3099–3105.
10
[11] Heywood J.B., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, NewYork, NY (1988).
11
[12] Holleman A. F., Wiberg E., Wilberg N., Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, (1985) 1096-1104.
12
[13]Kaplan C., Arslan R., Surmen A., Performance Characteristics of Sunflower Methyl Esters as Biodiesel, Energy Sources (2006) 28(Part A): 751–5.
13
[14]Khoobbakht G., Karimi M., Najafi G., Analysis of the Exergy and Energy and Investigating the Effect of Blended Levels of Biodiesel and Ethanol in Diesel Fuel in a DI Diesel Engine, Applied Thermal Engineering, Accepted Manuscript (2016).
14
[15]Kiani Deh Kiani M., Ghobadian B., Ommi F., Najafi G., Yusaf T., Artificial Neural Networks Approach for the Prediction of Thermal Balance of SI Engine Using Ethanol-Gasoline Blends, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (2012) 7465: 31-43.
15
[16]Kung H.H., Kung M.C., Nanotechnology, Applications and Potentials for Heterogeneous Catalysis, Catal Today (2004) 97: 219–24.
16
[17]Martyr A., Plint M.A., Enginetesting, Theory and Practice (2007) 201–10.
17
[18]Meisami F., Ajam H., Energy, Exergy and Economic Analysis of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Castor Oil Biodiesel, International Journal of Engine Research (2015) 16: 691-702.
18
[19]Mirzajanzadeh M., Tabatabaei M., Ardjman M., Rashidi A., Ghobadian B., Barkhi M., Pazouki M., A Novel Soluble Nano-Catalysts in Diesel–Biodiesel Fuel Blends to Improve Diesel Engines Performance and Reduce Exhaust Emissions, Fuel (2015) 139: 374–382.
19
[20]Özcan H., Söylemez M., Thermal Balance of a LPG Fuelled, Four Stroke SI Engine with Water Addition, Energy Conversion and Management (2006) 47: 570–81.
20
[21] Ramadhas A., Jayaraj S., Muraleedharan C., Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Studies on Biodiesel-Fueled Engine, Renewable Energy (2006) 31: 1813–1826.
21
[22]Reed K., Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle-Containing Fuel Additive, United States Patent, US 2010/0199547 A1, Issued (2013) Oct.1.
22
[23]Rongguang L., Xiaoli LI., Qifei J., Development of High Efficiency Diesel Fuel Additive for Emission Control, Journal Vehicle Engineering (2001) 1: 29–32.
23
[24]Sadhik Basha J., Anand RB., Performance and Emission Characteristics of a DI Compression Ignition Engine Using Carbon Nanotubes Blended Diesel, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering, , Surat, India (2009) Aug. 3-5, 312–316.
24
[25] Sajith V., Sobhan C.B., Peterson G.P., Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Fuel Additive on Biodiesel, Advances in Mechanical Engineering (2010).
25
[26]Scattergood R., Cerium Oxide Nano Particles as Fuel Additives, United States Patent; U.S. 2006/0254130 A1, Issued (2006) Nov.16.
26
[27] Shadidi B., Yusaf T., Alizadeh H. H. A., Ghobadian B., Experimental investigation of the tractor engine performance using diesohol fuel. Applied Energy (2014) 114: 874–879.
27
[28]Taymaz I., An Experimental Study of Energy Balance in Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engine, Energy (2006) 31: 364–371.
28
[29] Tock R.W., Hernandez A., Sanders J.K., Yang D.J., Catalyst Component for Aviation and Jet Fuels, United States Patent, US 8,545,577 (2013) Oct.1.
29
[30] Vairamuthu G., Sundarapandian S., Kailasanathana C., Thangagiri B., Investigation on the Effects of NanoCerium Oxide on the Performance of Calophylluminophyllum (Punnai) Biodiesel in a DI Diesel Engine, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (2015) 7: 92-95.
30
[31] Xue J., Grift T.E., Hansen A.C., Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Performances and Emissions, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (2011) 15 (2): 1098-1116.
31
[32] Yucesu H.S., Cumali I., Effect of Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester on the Performance and Exhaust Emission of a Diesel Engine, Energy Source (2006) 28: 389–98.
32
[33] Yüksel F., Ceviz M., Thermal Balance of a Four Stroke SI Engine Operating on Hydrogen as a Supplementary Fuel, Energy (2003) 28: 1069–1080.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of turbine blade cooling with the aim of overall turbine performance enhancement
In the current work, different methods for optimization of turbine blade internal cooling are investigated, to achieve higher cyclic efficiency and output power for a typical gas turbine. A simple two-dimensional model of C3X blade is simulated and validated with available experimental data. The optimization process is performed on this model with two different methods. The first method is a popular method used in previous works with two objectives i.e. the minimization of the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature gradient on the blade. A new method is hereby proposed for optimization of turbine blade cooling, in which the coolant mass flow rate is minimized subject to maximum temperature, and maximum temperature gradient remains lower than certain values. The overall turbine performance is estimated by a simple comparative thermodynamic analysis of the reference design and the representative results obtained from the first and second method of optimization. It is concluded that while the first method of optimization allows higher TIT for a typical turbine, the turbine output power and efficiency could be lower than the reference design, due to high coolant mass flow rate in these candidate points. However, the optimum design point of the second method has higher power output and efficiency compared to all other designs (including reference design) at all values of compressor pressure ratio. It is shown that implementation of the second optimization method can increase the efficiency and the output power of a typical turbine 4.68% and 17% respectively.
https://www.energyequipsys.com/article_24723_f3566a4e29e4f555dfb27061b36f4dae.pdf
2017-03-01
71
83
10.22059/ees.2017.24723
Gas Turbine
CFD
Optimization
genetic algorithm
thermodynamic analysis
Seyyed Morteza
Mousavi
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Amir
Nejat
nejat@ut.ac.ir
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Farshad
Kowsary
fkowsari@ut.ac.ir
3
School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
[1]Goldstein R. J., Film Cooling, in Advances in Heat Transfer (1971) 321–379.
1
[2] Ito S., Goldstein R. J., Eckert E. R. G., Film Cooling of a Gas Turbine Blade, Journal of Engineering for Power (1978) 100(3): 476.
2
[3] Han J.-C., Dutta S., Ekkad S., Gas Turbine Heat Transfer and Cooling Technology, Second Edition (2012)27.
3
[4] Brooks F. J., GE Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics (2000).
4
[5] Hylton L. D., Mihelc M. S., Turner E. R., Nealy D. A., York R. E., Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of the Heat Transfer Distribution Over the Surfaces of Turbine Vanes (1983).
5
[6] Nowak G., Odzimierz Wróblewski W., Chmielniak T., Optimization of Cooling Passages Within a Turbine Vane, ASME Conference Proceedings (2005)47268:519–525.
6
[7] Nowak G., Wróblewski W., Thermo Mechanical Optimization of Cooled Turbine Vane, in Volume 4: Turbo Expo 2007, Parts A and B (2007) 0: 931–938.
7
[8] Nowak G., Wróblewski W., Cooling System Optimisation of Turbine Guide Vane, Applied Thermal Engineering (2009) 29(2–3): 567–572.
8
[9] Nowak G., Wróblewski W., Nowak I., Convective Cooling Optimization of a Blade for a Supercritical Steam Turbine, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (2012) 55(17–18): 4511–4520.
9
[10] Nowak G., Nowak I., Shape Design of Internal Cooling Passages within a Turbine Blade, Optimization and Engineering (2012) 44(4): 449–466.
10
[11] Mazaheri K., Zeinalpour M., Bokaei H. R., Turbine Blade Cooling Passages Optimization Using Reduced Conjugate Heat Transfer Methodology, Applied Thermal Engineering (2016) 103:1228–1236.
11
[12] Nowak G., Wróblewski W., Optimization of Blade Cooling System with Use of Conjugate Heat Transfer Approach,” The International Journal of Thermal Sciences (2011) 50(9):1770–1781.
12
[13] Wang B., Zhang W., Xie G., Xu Y., Xiao M., Multiconfiguration Shape Optimization of Internal Cooling Systems of a Turbine Guide Vane Based on Thermomechanical and Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis,Journal of Heat Transfer (2015)137( 6): 61004.
13
[14] Bergman T. L., Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P., Lavine A. S., Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons (2011).
14
[15] Fox R. W., McDonald A. T., Pritchard P. J., McDonald A. T., Pritchard P. J., Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons New York (1985) 7(1).
15